Saturday, January 5, 2013

Catherine Scala's abstract art on display at 3S Artspace ...

Catherine Scala's abstract art on display at 3S Artspace | SeacoastOnline.com

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?I came close, but it slipped away.? Medium: Acrylic on canvas, 17 x 16 inches, 2011, by Catherine Scala.

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Catherine Scala has lived out her art like many women. It's been ceaseless since childhood, but has waned through the child-raising years.

Both are creation, each informing the other, says Scala, adding she says it "at the risk of sounding clich?." It's been a matter of refocusing energies based on priorities throughout the years.

Go&Do

WHAT: "Make More" a group show by 3S Artspace Studio Tenants

WHERE: The Store Gallery, 3S Artspace, 319 Vaughan St., Portsmouth

WHEN: through Jan. 13, Fridays and Saturdays 11 a.m. to 6 p.m.; Sunday noon to 4 p.m.

CONTACT: www.3sarts.org

It's clear where much of the time was spent before 2008. Till then the art resume is thin, then things heat up. Since, Scala has exhibited throughout the East Coast, and garnered numerous awards.

The change coincides with earning a Master's of Fine Arts in visual arts at the Art Institute of Boston at Lesley University. And two of her children are now grown, the younger two more independent.

"I would have been a miserable person had I not had my children," says Scala, "but also miserable without painting."

Scala's abstract paintings are on view in "Make More," a group show by 3S Artspace studio tenants up through Jan. 13 in Portsmouth.

Initially she was a representational often figurative painter; influenced by artists of the 1980s and '90s, "that hotshot expressive realism phase," she says. "I thought ? that's how I'll start."

The style lent itself to the study of mixing and handling medium ? and she had a ready model at the time.

Eventually she revisited the abstract aesthetic of her undergraduate photography work. "(My photography) was always more abstract rather than literal or narrative. I was really drawn to form, contrast and composition."

Her new paintings were of collages she would make from her own paintings. "I found that area ? suggestion, rather than dictation ? much more interesting."

She continued to apply a light source to the new work. "You really are starting from 'anything' in abstract. But imagining a light source signals to the viewer that this has presence," Scala says. "What it does for the art, for the painting, is add dimension ...; light, shape, mass and volume." It was also more intriguing to the painter.

Scala recognizes those unfamiliar with abstract art often assume a 5 year old can create it. She's addressed the issue when teaching. Really, she says, it's about educating your eye. "You have to spend time in front of the abstract to find out if you as a viewer find it legitimate or worthy."

"There is a role for non-literal imagery. It has to do with aesthetics, with imagination, and it has to do with sensuality. There are all forms of language, not just a narrative language, but more a subconscious one perhaps, ...; (that's) maybe harder to reach sometime."

It allows the viewer to bring something of themselves to the piece, as does representational, but perhaps more so to its interpretation. "I like to think of it as a launching pad, some contemplation or connection or association you can't put your finger on ? the gray areas of life that are not on the surface but do exist. It's the ocean not the ship on the ocean."

When Scala, now of Portsmouth, first moved to the Seacoast in '89, she started working in the commercial art field. Though she'd taken painting she largely focused on graphic design and photography while attending Clark University in Massachusetts.

There were years as a freelance photographer, an art director for direct mail and in the graphic arts.

She left the field in '91 to paint.

The choice was "philosophical," she says. "To me it was not creative, what I was doing," she says. "In one sense it was. ...; It does demand creativity and flexibility when you're working with a client and sales. It's a collaboration and you have to find ways to make things work in ways you don't intend, that may go against your own aesthetic.

"However, the whole sense of it being for money, and it being ultimately for advertisement and consumption, well it was difficult for me to reconcile that. I got very unhappy. ...; I knew I wouldn't be able to continue it for the rest of my life. I had to find ways to be productive and contribute in other ways."

She'd saved a year's worth of income and planned to focus on painting, but the time quickly shortened. Scala was soon pregnant with her first child.

Parenting, itself a gift, enriched her art. There's the tenacity and patience learned, she says, but more. Scala hesitates, again afraid of clich?s, but then dives in to the subject.

"Creating IS birth and it is very frightening. That's the enticing element for me, bringing something into the world that didn't exist before; that's alluring for me."

Scala recalls having read that the elderly who buy lottery tickets live longer. Creating is that for her. "For the rest of my life I have a lottery ticket that's going to win," she says adding that it comes with a sense of purpose.

It is also, in terms of humanity, only second to actual human connection, says Scala; "it is the only other thing that brings you to a connection with humanity that isn't a human."

Scala, who teaches media culture, makes another leap, a fairly common occurrence once she digs into the topic of arts' value.

Current culture is eroding this form of connection. It's being replaced by consumerism, "with shopping and looking at catalogues, and ordering new things."

"I think that it has usurped that area in our brain that is creative and it keeps us busy so we have no time for it," she says. "Of course it's a shell of the experience."

When Scala decided to pursue her master's she considered the study of media literacy (cultural implications of media on our lives) as well as painting. The latter won, though she does teach the former.

Currently she is an adjunct professor in media culture, and communication technologies at Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, Conn. She has taught painting at New Hampshire Institute of Art in Manchester, and when weather allows still does landscaping.

All of it serves her painting, she notes.

"I try to get into my studio as much as I can. Obviously there's family and teaching, but I am prioritizing painting and drawing ...; I really have to do that for my work ? block off time.

"Women, single parents, you're always needed. ...; But I want to become a little less lenient or flexible, a little more insistent. Really, what I need is to legitimize my practice in my own head."



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Catherine Scala has lived out her art like many women. It's been ceaseless since childhood, but has waned through the child-raising years.

Both are creation, each informing the other, says Scala, adding she says it "at the risk of sounding clich?." It's been a matter of refocusing energies based on priorities throughout the years.

Go&Do

WHAT: "Make More" a group show by 3S Artspace Studio Tenants

WHERE: The Store Gallery, 3S Artspace, 319 Vaughan St., Portsmouth

WHEN: through Jan. 13, Fridays and Saturdays 11 a.m. to 6 p.m.; Sunday noon to 4 p.m.

CONTACT: www.3sarts.org

It's clear where much of the time was spent before 2008. Till then the art resume is thin, then things heat up. Since, Scala has exhibited throughout the East Coast, and garnered numerous awards.

The change coincides with earning a Master's of Fine Arts in visual arts at the Art Institute of Boston at Lesley University. And two of her children are now grown, the younger two more independent.

"I would have been a miserable person had I not had my children," says Scala, "but also miserable without painting."

Scala's abstract paintings are on view in "Make More," a group show by 3S Artspace studio tenants up through Jan. 13 in Portsmouth.

Initially she was a representational often figurative painter; influenced by artists of the 1980s and '90s, "that hotshot expressive realism phase," she says. "I thought ? that's how I'll start."

The style lent itself to the study of mixing and handling medium ? and she had a ready model at the time.

Eventually she revisited the abstract aesthetic of her undergraduate photography work. "(My photography) was always more abstract rather than literal or narrative. I was really drawn to form, contrast and composition."

Her new paintings were of collages she would make from her own paintings. "I found that area ? suggestion, rather than dictation ? much more interesting."

She continued to apply a light source to the new work. "You really are starting from 'anything' in abstract. But imagining a light source signals to the viewer that this has presence," Scala says. "What it does for the art, for the painting, is add dimension ...; light, shape, mass and volume." It was also more intriguing to the painter.

Scala recognizes those unfamiliar with abstract art often assume a 5 year old can create it. She's addressed the issue when teaching. Really, she says, it's about educating your eye. "You have to spend time in front of the abstract to find out if you as a viewer find it legitimate or worthy."

"There is a role for non-literal imagery. It has to do with aesthetics, with imagination, and it has to do with sensuality. There are all forms of language, not just a narrative language, but more a subconscious one perhaps, ...; (that's) maybe harder to reach sometime."

It allows the viewer to bring something of themselves to the piece, as does representational, but perhaps more so to its interpretation. "I like to think of it as a launching pad, some contemplation or connection or association you can't put your finger on ? the gray areas of life that are not on the surface but do exist. It's the ocean not the ship on the ocean."

When Scala, now of Portsmouth, first moved to the Seacoast in '89, she started working in the commercial art field. Though she'd taken painting she largely focused on graphic design and photography while attending Clark University in Massachusetts.

There were years as a freelance photographer, an art director for direct mail and in the graphic arts.

She left the field in '91 to paint.

The choice was "philosophical," she says. "To me it was not creative, what I was doing," she says. "In one sense it was. ...; It does demand creativity and flexibility when you're working with a client and sales. It's a collaboration and you have to find ways to make things work in ways you don't intend, that may go against your own aesthetic.

"However, the whole sense of it being for money, and it being ultimately for advertisement and consumption, well it was difficult for me to reconcile that. I got very unhappy. ...; I knew I wouldn't be able to continue it for the rest of my life. I had to find ways to be productive and contribute in other ways."

She'd saved a year's worth of income and planned to focus on painting, but the time quickly shortened. Scala was soon pregnant with her first child.

Parenting, itself a gift, enriched her art. There's the tenacity and patience learned, she says, but more. Scala hesitates, again afraid of clich?s, but then dives in to the subject.

"Creating IS birth and it is very frightening. That's the enticing element for me, bringing something into the world that didn't exist before; that's alluring for me."

Scala recalls having read that the elderly who buy lottery tickets live longer. Creating is that for her. "For the rest of my life I have a lottery ticket that's going to win," she says adding that it comes with a sense of purpose.

It is also, in terms of humanity, only second to actual human connection, says Scala; "it is the only other thing that brings you to a connection with humanity that isn't a human."

Scala, who teaches media culture, makes another leap, a fairly common occurrence once she digs into the topic of arts' value.

Current culture is eroding this form of connection. It's being replaced by consumerism, "with shopping and looking at catalogues, and ordering new things."

"I think that it has usurped that area in our brain that is creative and it keeps us busy so we have no time for it," she says. "Of course it's a shell of the experience."

When Scala decided to pursue her master's she considered the study of media literacy (cultural implications of media on our lives) as well as painting. The latter won, though she does teach the former.

Currently she is an adjunct professor in media culture, and communication technologies at Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, Conn. She has taught painting at New Hampshire Institute of Art in Manchester, and when weather allows still does landscaping.

All of it serves her painting, she notes.

"I try to get into my studio as much as I can. Obviously there's family and teaching, but I am prioritizing painting and drawing ...; I really have to do that for my work ? block off time.

"Women, single parents, you're always needed. ...; But I want to become a little less lenient or flexible, a little more insistent. Really, what I need is to legitimize my practice in my own head."



HOMEWe reserve the right to remove any content at any time from this Community, including without limitation if it violates the Community Rules. We ask that you report content that you in good faith believe violates the above rules by clicking the Flag link next to the offending comment or fill out this form. New comments are only accepted for two weeks from the date of publication.
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Source: http://www.seacoastonline.com/articles/20130105-ENTERTAIN-301050303

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Sahara rock appears to be first meteorite from Mars' crust

Scientists have identified what they believe to be the first meteorite to originate from the Martian crust, a 2.1-billion-year-old specimen that contains about 10 times more water than any other space rock from the Red Planet.

Discovered in the Sahara, the rock ? called NWA 7034 ? is unlike any of the 110-odd Martian meteorites yet found on Earth, according to a report published online Thursday by the journal Science. Experts said it provided an unprecedented close-up view of the Martian surface and may help scientists understand what NASA's Curiosity and Opportunity rovers are seeing as they roam the terrain.

"This opens a whole new window on Mars," said Munir Humayun, a cosmo-chemist at Florida State University in Tallahassee who was not involved in the study.

Though planetary scientists have sent several spacecraft to Mars ? most recently Curiosity, which is equipped with an onboard chemical laboratory ? there's no substitute for a sample in hand, said study leader Carl Agee, director of the Institute of Meteoritics at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque. Scientists on Earth can run sophisticated tests and glean a wealth of information about the rock's history and the environment in which it formed ? tests no rover could do.

NWA 7034 came to Agee in 2011 by way of a meteorite collector who bought it from a meteorite dealer in Morocco. The planetary scientist said he was immediately struck by the 319.8-gram sample, which is about the size of a baseball and twice as heavy.

Even though most space rocks become blackened on the outside during their blazing descent through the Earth's atmosphere, they often remain light on the inside. NWA 7034, on the other hand, was dark all the way through, earning it the nickname "Black Beauty."

"I had never seen anything like it," Agee said.

Perplexed by the strange specimen, he put it on his bookshelf and let it sit there for about a month as he wrestled with the best way to approach his analysis. Once he got started, he examined the meteorite for nearly a year.

At first, NWA 7034 appeared to be very un-Mars-like. Laser fluorination revealed that its ratio of heavier-to-lighter oxygen isotopes, usually a handy fingerprint of a meteorite's origins, didn't match any of the Mars meteorites described in the scientific literature. Those meteorites seemed to come from volcanic deposits formed deep inside Mars, because their chemical makeup was different from the data sent back by rovers and spacecraft examining the Red Planet's surface.

If Agee's team had looked no further, the space rock might have been classified as an oddball piece of asteroid and quite possibly forgotten. But rubidium-strontium dating indicated that NWA 7034 was just 2.1 billion years old ? far too young to come from an asteroid.

Meteorites that come from asteroids are typically more than 4 billion years old, since these small rocky bodies quickly cooled after the solar system's formation. Planets, on the other hand, were volcanically active for much longer, and many of their rocks formed much later.

Black Beauty must have come from a planet, the team members concluded.

The meteorite had too much iron to have come from Mercury and it had too many traces of water to have come from Venus. But when they analyzed minerals called pyroxenes, they found that the ratio of iron to manganese did match those of other Martian meteorites.

Further analysis showed that Black Beauty was rich in sodium and potassium, giving it a striking resemblance to rocks on the Martian surface examined by Curiosity's laser-shooting ChemCam instrument, Agee said, as well as those of Mars' Gusev crater, which was explored by the NASA rover Spirit before it broke down in 2010.

That makes NWA 7034 a one-of-a-kind sample from the Martian crust, Agee said.

"What Carl Agee did was actually very courageous," Humayun said. "They looked beyond what most people would have fallen for ... [and] recognized its Martian connection."

Additional analysis showed that Black Beauty contained about 10 times more water than any other named Martian meteorite ? about 6,000 parts per million.

That's much more water than a rock its age should have. At 2.1 billion years old, it hails from the beginning of the Amazonian epoch, which is thought to be a dry chapter in Martian history.

Perhaps Mars was wetter for longer than scientists have thought, Agee said.

There are even hints of organic carbon in the meteorite, Humayun pointed out, although further study would need to be done to determine whether that material is of Martian origin or was acquired since arriving on Earth. The rock looks relatively fresh by Sahara standards, Agee said, guessing that it could have landed within the last few hundred years.

It's unclear why most Martian meteorites have come from the planet's interior, he added, though it may be that crustal rock is more fragile and less likely to survive a journey through space or entry into Earth's atmosphere.

The find may inspire scientists to go back into their archives and reconsider other oddball meteorites. Perhaps there are more Martian specimens already in labs waiting to be identified, Humayun said.

amina.khan@latimes.com

Source: http://feeds.latimes.com/~r/latimes/news/science/~3/WfqoahlZ1wg/la-sci-mars-meteorite-water-20130104,0,4654306.story

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Oil slips on stimulus concerns

(AP) ? The price of oil fell slightly Friday as investors weighed the possibility that the Federal Reserve might end its extraordinary economic stimulus measures later this year.

Benchmark crude for February delivery fell 6 cents to $92.86 a barrel on the New York Mercantile Exchange.

The Labor Department reported U.S. employers added 155,000 jobs in December, a steady gain that shows hiring held up during the tense negotiations to resolve the fiscal cliff. The solid job growth wasn't enough to push down the unemployment rate, however, which remained at 7.8 percent last month.

Also, the Institute for Supply Management said U.S. service firms' activity expanded in December by the most in nearly a year, driven by a jump in new orders and hiring. The index measures growth in industries that cover 90 percent of the workforce, including retail, construction, health care and financial services.

Brent crude, used to price international varieties of oil, was down 91 cents to $111.23 a barrel on the ICE Futures exchange in London.

In other energy futures trading on the New York Mercantile Exchange:

? Wholesale gasoline lost 4 cents to $2.76 a gallon.

? Heating oil fell 2 cents to $3.01 a gallon.

? Natural gas rose 6 cents to $3.27 per 1,000 cubic feet.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/f70471f764144b2fab526d39972d37b3/Article_2013-01-04-Oil%20Prices/id-5af9f18f49364f27a8101573a1d72c1c

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American Eagle pilot fails alcohol test, suspended

FILE - In this Jan. 20, 2011 file photo, an American Eagle jet taxis at Boston's Logan International Airport. An American Eagle pilot was suspended after failing a blood-alcohol test as he prepared to fly on Friday, Jan. 4, 2013 from Minneapolis to New York City, authorities said. (AP Photo/Stephan Savoia, File)

FILE - In this Jan. 20, 2011 file photo, an American Eagle jet taxis at Boston's Logan International Airport. An American Eagle pilot was suspended after failing a blood-alcohol test as he prepared to fly on Friday, Jan. 4, 2013 from Minneapolis to New York City, authorities said. (AP Photo/Stephan Savoia, File)

MINNEAPOLIS (AP) ? An American Eagle pilot was suspended after failing a blood-alcohol test as he prepared to fly on Friday from Minneapolis to New York City, authorities said.

Police at Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport said officers and a Transportation Security Administration agent smelled alcohol as they passed the pilot waiting to get on an elevator. The pilot was conducting preflight checks at about 6 a.m. when police boarded the aircraft, airport spokesman Patrick Hogan said.

Officers made him take a breath test and arrested him on suspicion of being under the influence of alcohol, Hogan said. Passengers had not yet boarded the flight to New York's LaGuardia Airport, he said.

Hogan said airport police will wait until blood tests are processed before deciding whether to file charges against the pilot. Police identified the pilot as 48-year-old Kolbjorn Jarle Kristiansen. He was released to airline employees several hours after his arrest.

Federal rules prohibit pilots from flying within eight hours of drinking alcohol or if they have a blood-alcohol level of 0.04 or higher, half the level allowed for motorists.

Hogan said preliminary results from the breath test were well over the legal limit, but he declined to release the results. He said the "more precise" results from the blood test would be released when they're available.

The pilot has been suspended pending an investigation, said Matt Miller, a spokesman for American Airlines, which uses American Eagle to operate shorter connecting flights. Both airlines are owned by AMR Corp. Miller said the company is cooperating with authorities and will conduct an internal investigation.

A woman who answered the phone at a North Carolina number listed in Kristiansen's name referred inquiries to the Air Line Pilots Association, his union. She said he has been a member of the union for 23 years, but she declined further comment or to identify herself.

Messages left with union officials were not immediately returned.

The flight, with 53 passengers on board, was delayed about 2 ? hours while a replacement pilot was arranged, Miller said. It arrived in New York after noon.

The pilot was taken to Fairview Southdale Hospital to have a blood sample taken, then was returned to airport police before being released, Hogan said.

Pilots face drug and alcohol testing when they seek a job, are involved in an accident or return from alcohol rehabilitation. Some are selected for random tests. More than 10,000 pilots are tested each year and about a dozen flunk the alcohol part ? a number that has remained mostly steady for more than a decade, according to federal statistics.

Twelve pilots failed the breath test in 2011, 10 in 2010, and 11 in 2009, according to the Federal Aviation Administration.

"Your odds of having an impaired driver on the highway are much higher, but there's a smaller margin for error in aviation," said James Hall, former chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board.

Drinking among pilots got more attention after notorious cases in the 1990s, including one in which a jury convicted all three pilots of a Northwest Airlines flight of flying under the influence. Federal rules were tightened.

Hall said most airlines and other transportation companies now have effective programs to identify and get treatment for employees with drug or alcohol problems. But, he said, an incident like Friday's should lead to a re-examination of protocols, including the 0.04 standard to testing procedures.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/3d281c11a96b4ad082fe88aa0db04305/Article_2013-01-05-Pilot%20Arrested-American%20Eagle/id-b90b88483a854137a60267cea655f7bb

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Report: Lance Armstrong weighs doping admission

AUSTIN, Texas (AP) ? The New York Times reported Friday that Lance Armstrong, who has strongly denied the doping charges that led to him being stripped of his seven Tour de France titles, has told associates he is considering admitting to the use of performance-enhancing drugs.

The report cited anonymous sources and said Armstrong was considering a confession to help restore his athletic career in triathlons and running events at age 41. Armstrong was been banned for life from cycling and cannot compete in athletic events sanctioned by the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency and the World Anti-Doping Agency.

Yet Armstrong attorney Tim Herman denied that Armstrong has reached out to USADA chief executive Travis Tygart and David Howman, director general of the World Anti-Doping Agency.

Herman told The Associated Press he had no knowledge of Armstrong considering a confession and said: "When, and if, Lance has something to say, there won't be any secret about it."

Armstrong, who recovered from testicular cancer that had spread to his lungs and brain, won the Tour de France from 1999-2005. Although he has vehemently denied doping, Armstrong's athletic career crumbled under the weight of a massive report by USADA detailing allegations of drug use by Armstrong and his teammates on his U.S. Postal Service teams.

The report caused Armstrong to lose most of his personal corporate sponsors and he recently stepped down from the board of Livestrong, the cancer-fighting charity he founded in 1997.

Armstrong is facing other legal hurdles.

The U.S. Department of Justice is considering whether to join a federal whistle-blower lawsuit filed by former Armstrong teammate Floyd Landis. A Dallas-based promotions company has also said it wants to recover several million dollars paid to Armstrong in bonuses for winning the Tour de France. The British newspaper The Sunday Times has sued Armstrong to recover $500,000 paid to him to settle a libel lawsuit.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/report-lance-armstrong-weighs-doping-admission-063445332--spt.html

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Editing the genome with high precision

Friday, January 4, 2013

Researchers at MIT, the Broad Institute and Rockefeller University have developed a new technique for precisely altering the genomes of living cells by adding or deleting genes. The researchers say the technology could offer an easy-to-use, less-expensive way to engineer organisms that produce biofuels; to design animal models to study human disease; and to develop new therapies, among other potential applications.

To create their new genome-editing technique, the researchers modified a set of bacterial proteins that normally defend against viral invaders. Using this system, scientists can alter several genome sites simultaneously and can achieve much greater control over where new genes are inserted, says Feng Zhang, an assistant professor of brain and cognitive sciences at MIT and leader of the research team.

"Anything that requires engineering of an organism to put in new genes or to modify what's in the genome will be able to benefit from this," says Zhang, who is a core member of the Broad Institute and MIT's McGovern Institute for Brain Research.

Zhang and his colleagues describe the new technique in the Jan. 3 online edition of Science. Lead authors of the paper are graduate students Le Cong and Ann Ran.

Early efforts

The first genetically altered mice were created in the 1970s by adding small pieces of DNA to mouse embryonic cells. This method is now widely used to create transgenic mice for the study of human disease, but, because it inserts DNA randomly in the genome, researchers can't target the newly delivered genes to replace existing ones.

In recent years, scientists have sought more precise ways to edit the genome. One such method, known as homologous recombination, involves delivering a piece of DNA that includes the gene of interest flanked by sequences that match the genome region where the gene is to be inserted. However, this technique's success rate is very low because the natural recombination process is rare in normal cells.

More recently, biologists discovered that they could improve the efficiency of this process by adding enzymes called nucleases, which can cut DNA. Zinc fingers are commonly used to deliver the nuclease to a specific location, but zinc finger arrays can't target every possible sequence of DNA, limiting their usefulness. Furthermore, assembling the proteins is a labor-intensive and expensive process.

Complexes known as transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) can also cut the genome in specific locations, but these complexes can also be expensive and difficult to assemble.

Precise targeting

The new system is much more user-friendly, Zhang says. Making use of naturally occurring bacterial protein-RNA systems that recognize and snip viral DNA, the researchers can create DNA-editing complexes that include a nuclease called Cas9 bound to short RNA sequences. These sequences are designed to target specific locations in the genome; when they encounter a match, Cas9 cuts the DNA.

This approach can be used either to disrupt the function of a gene or to replace it with a new one. To replace the gene, the researchers must also add a DNA template for the new gene, which would be copied into the genome after the DNA is cut.

Each of the RNA segments can target a different sequence. "That's the beauty of this ? you can easily program a nuclease to target one or more positions in the genome," Zhang says.

The method is also very precise ? if there is a single base-pair difference between the RNA targeting sequence and the genome sequence, Cas9 is not activated. This is not the case for zinc fingers or TALEN. The new system also appears to be more efficient than TALEN, and much less expensive.

The research team has deposited the necessary genetic components with a nonprofit called Addgene, making the components widely available to other researchers who want to use the system. The researchers have also created a website with tips and tools for using this new technique.

Engineering new therapies

Among other possible applications, this system could be used to design new therapies for diseases such as Huntington's disease, which appears to be caused by a single abnormal gene. Clinical trials that use zinc finger nucleases to cut out the gene and replace it with the normal version are now under way, and the new technology could offer a more efficient alternative.

The system might also be useful for treating HIV by removing patients' lymphocytes and mutating the CCR5 receptor, through which the virus enters cells. After being put back in the patient, such cells would resist infection.

This approach could also make it easier to study human disease by inducing specific mutations in human stem cells. "Using this genome editing system, you can very systematically put in individual mutations and differentiate the stem cells into neurons or cardiomyocytes and see how the mutations alter the biology of the cells," Zhang says.

In the Science study, the researchers tested the system in cells grown in the lab, but they plan to apply the new technology to study brain function and diseases.

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Massachusetts Institute of Technology: http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice

Thanks to Massachusetts Institute of Technology for this article.

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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/126136/Editing_the_genome_with_high_precision

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